Opened in 1906, The Museum building is a former Bacteriological Institute, previously used as a public health and clinical laboratory. In response to the outbreak of Plague in 1894, it was built in the infected area - Tai Ping Shan, in order to conduct surveillance, investigate and control infectious diseases. With time, it changed to be a Pathological Institute after World War II and continued contributing to bacterial investigations and vaccine production until the 1970s.  Two decades later, it was declared as a Monument, and was revitalized as The Hong Kong Museum of Medical Sciences.

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As represented by the pilasters, arcaded verandahs and Chinese roof, the museum building is an Edwardian Colonial architecture with hints of British and Chinese architectural features. Given the rich historical and architectural significance, the museum retains the monument’s original external and internal features, while managed and maintained by professional repair team. Tai Kong contributed to the interior repainting work; paint applied to the historic fabric are guaranteed to be compatible with existing building materials.